Discuss Apollo 13 a space drama Essay Example For Students

Talk about Apollo 13 a space show Essay Apollo 13 a space dramatization, Directed and delivered by Ron Howard and was made in. It was made to look as practical as conceivable without it being a narrative; no unique film from the dispatch was utilized, aside from a couple of inserted pictures like in the news on TV. Howard utilized a wide range of strategies to accomplish authenticity: weightlessness, camera edges, embellishments and memorable words stages and discourses, yet before he even began recording he had a smart thought of the space explorers foundations, the flight plan and the specific occasions that occurred on the mission. He went through quite a while with the space traveler Jim Lovel investigating the occasions. One strategy utilized was weightlessness, in a significant number of the scenes Howard expected to have the vibe of weightlessness and he was fortunate that NASA let him utilize their plane KC135. This is an ordinary plane dislike a traveler airplane, it has no seats and the internal parts are worked to resemble that of a bus. This plane was taken to colossal heights and dropped to give the sentiment of weightlessness; genuine space travelers utilized this in their preparation. Howard needed to get 3 men and a camera group onto the plane, and film great quality reasonable scenes. I feel this is a significant part really taking shape of he film and the film couldnt be made well without it. The dispatch was an exceptionally sensible piece of the film and Howard put a great deal or work into it. With the blend of embellishments and diverse camera points, the van and the encompassing look unimaginably genuine. He begins with a low point crap of the van and dish right to the top, the embellishments come in when it lights, and the flares from the base of the van. As the bus begins to shake, the camera moves to a crane shot right on the tip of the van and as the rocket splits from the camera spirals down the van simply missing the messed up parts, this appears to be extremely reasonable and the wooziness of the spiraling could be reproducing what the space travelers are feeling. Howard doesnt consistently utilize ongoing like in the last scene on the commencement to when the bus should tenant the environment. There is a 4-minute commencement and the initial 4 minutes are really 2, yet the last moment is continuously. I think this is a smart thought as of now the atmosphere of the film, the crowd are sitting tight for whats going to occur, there is a ton of strain, and leaving this pressure for an entire 4 minutes, it would gradually float away and the crowd would lose intrigue. All through the film there is the possibility of courage and energy, this is appeared at the dispatch where there is a since quite a while ago shot of around 80 individuals sitting on a little arena. There is a highflying American banner above them and the music of dead American military legends playing. For a great deal of American individuals watching that were around at the hour of the first dispatch, this could resemble it was all event once more. The camera at that point changes to a nearby of the two spouses, and their various emotions, one is sobbing for happiness and the other is gazing toward the van in shock. This scene appear to be exceptionally practical as you could envision this occurrence at the genuine dispatch.

Messaging apps Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Informing applications - Research Paper Example Probably the most widely recognized informing applications that permit clients to send free informing writings, pictures, photographs and free brings over an information association incorporate Whatsapp, Tango, Viber and iMessage, Skype among others (Olson, 2013). These applications have been a danger to the regular message transporters thinking about that they have discarded the charges that individuals used to pay for similar administrations. All things considered, the customary message transporters need to close shop or improve better approaches to draw in clients. Accordingly, the utilization of informing Apps in sending substance through versatile systems has prompted a change in the use of cell phones, making them perfect contraptions to convey and get content continuously. Informing applications have tested the occupant social informing destinations, for example, Facebook and Alibaba. The applications encourage talking and sending of various substance a vastly improved route contrasted with the customary techniques for sending similar substance. Tango is one of the most regularly utilized informing applications. At present, Tango has more than 70 million month to month dynamic clients and empowers individuals to send video and voice calls along instant messages continuously (Kan 2014). Tango has benefited from the way that the majority of the calls that individuals make are not replied, particularly at evenings. In that capacity, the organization has accompanied extraordinary administrations to clients that encourage recording of messages, which are then seen later after the individual awakens (Kan, 2014). Along these lines, the organization needs to store such messages in their servers, where they are open to any part with an android gadget, gadgets u tilizing apple working framework or through any internet browser (Kan, 2014). The organization intends to begin bringing in cash by necessitating that clients pay negligible charges on utilizing exceptional administrations, for example, the Tango shocks that permits movements of messages. For example, clients of the Tango Surprises will get a solitary movement for nothing out of pocket

Analysis Essay for A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway

Investigation for A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway - Essay Example The youthful server speaks to an individual at youth. He is the exemplification of the youngster who has the guarantee of as long as he can remember before him. He shows the eagerness of youth with the gradualness and illnesses old enough. His disposition is found in his vehement statement, â€Å"I have certainty. I am all confidence† (Hemingway, ). He can't consider any inadequacy or distress in life aside from the absence of cash. He has no compassion for the hard of hearing old man’s despair, and savagely lets him know, â€Å"You ought to have executed yourself last week† (Hemingway, ). In the flush of youth and energy, he is spurned by the attacks old enough: â€Å"An elderly person is a frightful thing† he says (Hemingway, ). His character is the portrayal of youth in the entirety of its realism and puerility. The senior server speaks to the development of middle age. As he advances in age, he is intensely cognizant that he is headed to turning into an elderly person, similar to the hard of hearing client. He displays a profound sympathy for the elderly person and says, â€Å"I am of the individuals who like to remain late at the cafã ©, with each one of the individuals who would prefer not to hit the hay. With each one of the individuals who need a light for the night† (Hemingway, ). He shares the dejection of the elderly person and feels for his sadness. He discredits the youthful waiter’s analysis by attesting that the elderly person is spotless. Simultaneously, he comprehends the restlessness of the youthful server to return home to his significant other. The old client is balanced on the edge of death. Dejection, depression, and struggle of the spirit torment him. He hungers for the little solace of a well-lit and clean cafã © for a transitory time of security. He speaks to mature age and the coming experience with death. He is the representation of the fleetingness of human life: â€Å"It was all nothing and a man was nothing too† (Hemingway, ), the senior server says. The elderly person is an image of

Holocaust Assignment Essaypilot

During the years between 1914 and 1918 the world was at war in what is infamously known as the World War 1. During this time, countries took sides and in fact there seemed to be unions in blocks. Germany was among the ones involved in the fight and belonged to the eastern bloc. Other countries supporting it included Austria Hungary. The Germans involved the Jews in the fight as well .Unfortunately Germany lost the war and was subjected to giving in to the demands of the organization that was formed to resolve the battle in the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was very bitter at the loss and started blaming the Jews for their failure that led to their loss in the war. This was dabbed Anti-Semitism. It was basically a movement against the Semites. It did not really start with Hitler but it is a movement that started way before. After the war in the year 1918, Hitler- a German who rose from nowhere, who was an army man during the war got his way into another army movement in Germany. He was an activist and soon he was found guilty of treason, he was arrested and jailed. In jail it is when he wrote a memoir addressing the issue of the Jews contributing greatly to the loss of German in the world war. He was a member of the NAZI movement. In his memoir he suggested that all the Jews should be wiped out from Germany and the whole of Europe. He was of the idea that Germans were by far superiors and was not supposed to interact with the impure Germans in the country and he labeled them Aryan. As at that point a movement was started that was against the Jews in Germany. Soon Hitler was released from prison and it is then that he put a lot of energy in discriminating the Jews. This was not the best move. When he was released from prison he became very vocal and vibrant in his quest to ensure the extradition of the impure Germans especially the Jews. In 1933, he was made the chancellor of Germany and after Paul Hindenburg who was the president then died in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself the highest authority in Germany. He was so focused on ensuring that he purified Germany and that Germany expanded its boundaries. It was in his quest that there emerged the Holocaust. The Holocaust from a dictionary definition means a hole. However during this reign, it meant the period when people that were not pure Germans were put in central places and massacred from there. These people all opponents to the ideals of the German rule were done away with. They were first put into concentration camps before being executed. Within the first seven month since Hitler got into power in January 1933, Germany was holding custody of 27000 people. This people were among the lot that was considered not to adhere to the German policies as at that time. Alongside that, the Jews were killed publicly and others even burnt mercilessly.   Between 1933 and 1939, the Jews in Germany were around 525,000 and since they were impure Germans, they faced a lot of challenges. At first the impure Germans were dismissed from public service, the Germans took over the businesses belonging to the Jews and professionals were denied their clients and the licenses. In 1938, there was a mass violent action against the Jews and synagogues in Germany were burnt and Jewish jobs and businesses were vandalized. It later emerged that the Germans increased their violent activities and maximized their operations in ensuring that the Jews suffered and were wiped out of Germany. They even put marks on them for easy identification from the rest and it indeed was fatal using what was referred to as the Star of David. Most of them were secluded around one area-concentration camps and from there they were killed. The Germans grabbed the land they owned in Poland and gave it out to some other pure Germans and decided to give them some poor lands that were sort of an encasement of the Jews. This was the major event that is referred to as Holocaust. However, despite all these factors, there were some few Jewish survivors who lived to tell their account of stories later. Among them is Karl Lyon. In an interview by Howard Kelvin on May 1, 2003, Karl Lyon gave an account of experience of what he felt having witnessed the holocaust and the rough and violent treatment Jews faced in Germany. He was of Jewish origin and lived in Germany. He was born in 1922 at Baden, Germany. He lost his mother when he was 6 years old but later his father remarried and thereby got him a step mum. He got a step brother soon in 1931. He explains about his childhood, how he attended school and visited his granny during the holidays. He gives an account of where the grannies lived and how the state of affairs was in Ettenheim. He explains that it was where most of his Jewish relatives and ancestors lived. He even explains that there was a cemetery just around there where the Jews were buried. Some Germans took it upon themselves to control the cemetery yet it did not belong to them. A group as well appeared to conduct investigations and find a lot of background data about the Jews that were buried in the said grave. They conducted investigations and it was through this that Lyon was able to access the research and with time he was able to read about the history for all the bodies that were laid to rest there. He was able to establish the connections between the many souls lying there. He was even able to understand his lineage. The point that he feels he does not quite understand well is the reason as to why it had to be the Germans to take control even of the Jewish graveyards and even go further and establish the connections and family ties among them. He seems to have some faded memories of his childhood and how he enjoyed his childhood just like any other child. Together with other children they went to a certain incomplete building and had their fun games there. He expressed the comfortability he had in living with his father who was the Jew and owned a shoe shop and after the death of his mother he got closer to his step family and they lived well. He remembers her instilling some good manners in him and the little change in terms of culture that she brought with her. He recalls how strictly they followed the Jewish customs and practices. He subscribed fully to the Jewish religion and customs and particularly adhered to the worship days rule which demanded that it should be running all the way from Friday evening to Saturday evening. He used to go to the synagogue to carry out the rituals as prescribed by the religion. He celebrated the Sabbath by having some unleavened bread and some wine which both had their significance. The wine was to make the heart glad while the bread represented the most basic foods in the religion and the Jewish culture as a whole. Still on his background, when asked about a role model, he talked of an uncle who was a very prominent Jewish lawyer in Germany. He was also a custodian of the Jewish laws and in fact chaired some activities by the Jewish community in Germany especially in the area that they lived in. Unfortunately his dreams as a child were shuttered with the coming into power of the Nazi governance. He could no longer wish to emulate his uncle. In 1932 when Nazi came into power under the leadership of Hitler, things started changing for him. This was when he suffered some lonely childhood as everyone avoided him for being a Jew on German land. Even his closest friends except one abandoned him and he had to stay at some corner alone and nurse his loneliness. He was teased by other children and matters got worse when the other two Jewish students were no longer in th e school. One actually died in the attacks by the Germans while the other one left the country with his parents to another country. This situation worsened things especially during the time around his fourth grade. He expresses the many difficulties that he faced during the schooling years and how he was actually bullied just because he was a Jew. That showed the far that the anti-sematic movement had got- being deep rooted even in young children who ought to be very innocent and not get involved in some practices. He particularly remembers a time when he was always afraid of knowing how to swim since he always feared being drowned by other German children, something that he is very bitter about. He avoided almost every activity that would deem risky and posed the danger of him being attacked by his rival German children. He remembers the back biting that he had to deal with each and every day. His fellow students mocked him calling him dirty. However, he always took pride in being a Jew. Others could feel and give in to the intimidation but he used to feel he should be proud. The epitome of his pride was when he visited the park around his home and sat on the public benches. What made him feel so good was the fact that that particular park was donated by some Jews and the bench in particular was donated by a certain Jewish family. He as well remembers the few time he heard the voice of Hitler and how rough he sounded even from the voice one could feel the brutality in him. He remembers in 1933 when the Germans declared war against the Jews in the country. Lyon gives an account of what he experienced on a certain day that the Germans meant to destroy and boycott the shops and businesses belonging to the Jews. He remembers that day and how they were ordered to close all shops by Hitler and his sympathizers. That particular day he went out to witness what was really happening in the country. He went to check on their shop only to find the rebels soldiers outside the door that was properly closed as instructed. He saw a man drawing some graffiti on the walls of the shop which were a mock to the Jews and also a self-declaration of the Germans as the superior humans at that particular time. There was even the formation of a certain militia like group whose mandate was to ensure that the Jews had no place in the German society. The rebel group was made up of even the small and young people as young as those that he attended school with. They wore some brown uniforms and the boys carried daggers attached to their belts and were well labelled with what he refers to as the motto of the group. This group was referred to as the Hitler Youth and was mandated to scare of the Jews was always maiming and mocking the Jewish community just to provoke them into war so that they may deal with them. These boys were not as rough but at times they were so determined to mock and maim him. As an intelligent boy, he avoided any confrontations since he would never win against them. All this was aimed at instilling fear in the Jews as it happened all over Germany where the Jews were seen to reside or stay. Hitler Youth was specifically mandated to make the Jews recognize the superiority of the Germans in their own country. The most unfortunate thing was the fact that despite the hard conditions of living, there was little he could do as not even the authorities including teachers would save him. In fact, the teachers too seemed to be on the side of the German brutality but either way they were Germans as well so it was expected. He expresses concern about how the teacher once wanted to deny him some marks just because he was Jewish. Even though he had gotten the concepts right, he still had to prove more than the exam had provided for so him to gain the marks and grade that he deserved . This showed how brutal the Germans could get. Later in 1936, there was an order to ensure that all Jewish children were kicked out of the schools. This was aimed at making the Jews not be able to access education not be able to interact with the German students. The order was well implemented and all the Jewish students in the various schools had no option but to leave the education they had gained at that point. With this move some who were abled, resolved to migrate to other countries at least for the sake of their childrens education. It even dawned on the Jewish parents that there was no future in education for the Jewish child in Germany. For those that were not able then it means that their children had to remain uneducated. This in particular was never good at all. Karl Lyon was among the lucky few who after the fourth grade moved to the US to continue with his studies. In fact the stories about the Jews being banned from getting to schools was being given to him by that speci al German friend of his who really was not that primitive to discriminate ad dissociate with people just because they were Jews. There was also brutality in how the Jewish religion was perceived. He gives an illustration of how one day just before a religious ceremony a certain German walked into the synagogue and vandalized materials. Fortunately, he was brought to book and justice was served as he served a jail term of 10 months though it is what it was said but it was not believed to be the case since it seemed all Germans were energized to be brutal against the Jews.. Unfortunately, some years later, Germans who went ahead and vandalized the Jewish places of worship were taken for heroes. The same man who had been arrested earlier repeated what he did and this time he was taken for a hero, praised and was never brought to book. This raised suspicion if whether the jail sentence that had been rumored was really true. Karl Lyon explains how his father was arrested and taken to Dachau, where the Jews were placed before being executed. During this time Lyon was already in the US pursuing his studies. Dachau wa s located in the state of Bavaria just around Munich. It was used as a concentration camp. In fact it was the first concentration camp in the camp for Jews in Germany. The camp was run by a commandant who lived in the vicinity and was in charge of the whole population in the camp. Though he lived in the camp, the lifestyle was quite different. The population in Dachau consisted of prisoners who were accused of having committed offences against the Germans and the policies of the government such as politically opposing of the Nazi regime, subscribing to communist ideas, being a vocal social democrat among others. Social offenders of the religion for example those that believed in Jehovah witness, gays, Romans and criminals who offended the law severally were all demarcated in this area. Also criminals after completing their jail terms were brought here to avoid them mixing up with the rest of the pure population. Non- German occupants of these areas were subjected to prisoner labor which they did not have a choice but perform. The working conditions also were extremely poor and hazardous. At least for them, unlike in some ghettos, there was presence of some few social amenities for example a hospital and a school were just around. There was even a medical school whose learners were never known but it was known that it existed. Despite the poor working conditions this camp was also used as a training camp. Also the prisoners were used as guinea pigs whereby medical experiments were done on human life. In the setting and the planning of the camp, there was even an area for execution of prisoners. It is said that at one point, the prisoners were used as test for the effectiveness of euthanasia gas as a fast killing gas agent, though for this claim there exists no evidence. Dachau is later seen to be a prison camp even for women and the Christian religious prisoners whereby a lot of Christians were martyred. The Catholic Church for example gives a figure of its members who were subjected to the poor lifestyle in the camp. As the world war came close to an end, there was a massive liberation of prisoners. They really wanted to be free. In spite of this situation, the Germans gathered more prisoners into the camp just to ensure that the other regions were free from the impure Jewish interference. The Americans later would take over the camp and before they did it, the Germans learnt about their plans and intentions and actually start mobilizing the prisoners into the camp. They literary drove some of the most vulnerable people out of the camp and were taken to unknown destinations. The Germans were killing them aimlessly by shooting. This vulnerable group included the sick, the elderly and the generally weak. The number of prisoners that were again added to the camp was so large compared to the few vulnerable that left yet the social amenities remained constant. Therefore, there was an autonomous exaggerated population outburst that led to a disease outbreak which was hygiene related. The conditions at this camp were better off as compared to some other areas referred to as Ghettos. Ghettos were the areas that were designated for Jewish settlement. With time the Jews were never allowed to settle in any other areas apart from here and there was even restricted movement out of the ghettos. Among the ghettos was Bochnia. Here, the Jews even had an organization for themselves and all other people considered as impure Germans. These ghettos to some extent seemed to be off the Greek rule as they even formed a Jewish police force. At around 1941, the ghetto was enclosed with some wooden fencing. The Jews and other impure Germans were forced to settle there. They were restricted to movement and it could only be allowed with a pass. There were established laws about the going against of these laws of movement. The law suggested death upon the law offenders and this led to the death of very many Jews. The issue of having a special permit to leave the ghetto was prominent and was not to be compromised at whatever costs. By the end of that year there was an established hospital in Bochnia which was to serve the growing Jewish population in the area. There was also growth and development of some few industries here and there as there was ready human labor from the camp. There was a concerning the rapid growth in population of the Jews. This necessitated some forced reduction of the Jews living in the said area. The deportation process soon started. It was purely on the basis of just being a Jew. These Jews that were deported were taken to labor camps to provide some free forced la bor. The Jews living just around the town of Bochnia were never spared as on the morning of 21st august 1942, they were all surrounded and forced back to the ghetto. This was not a good sign as the Nazi regime was notorious with concentrating people to one area and mercilessly executing them. Later it emerged that there was another movement that targeted the elderly, the sick and the most weak in the society. The Germans said that they were taking them to better their lives but this was never lived up to as they were mercilessly shot one by one in the forest. The rest of the detainees were not as lucky. Those that lacked the work pass were never spared. They were targeted for liquidation. This involved marching the Jews to train stations just to execute them. They were packed to capacity with very poor living conditions. In the wagons, there was limited air supply and they were crowded. Despite all these, they were given a bucket of water to be drunk by more than 50 people for more than three days. And another bucket was provided to be used as a toilet. Many died during the journey due to the unbearable conditions but still others committed suici de. The few that survived the journey were subjected to mistreatment upon arrival at the labor fields. The liquidation process remains the worst experience of mistreatment by the Germans on the Jews. There is a replica of this same situation in history. This is best seen in the the recording of the movie Escape from Sobibor which is an acted out film based on the true events that happened in the ghetto of Sobibor just as it had happened in Bochnia. The only difference being that in the case of Sobibor over 600 Jews tried to escape and 300 made it through but around 70 of them were caught and killed instantly by the German forces. The escapees were running away from the forced labor and the mistreatment by the German soldiers in the ghettos and the concentration camps. It is basically another version of the holocaust with the main actor being the survivor. After all the struggles, there was indeed the part of facing the consequences. The consequences of the holocaust and the brutal German rule in general included massive loss of lives, improper use of resources as military, increased political beef between Germans and the Jews. These two groups seem to have never come into terms with each other until now. There were also cases of disease outbreak in the various ghettos due to poor sanitation and overcrowding.   Later, Karl Lyon when in the US, life and opportunities favor him. He faces major challenges in terms of how to introduce himself bearing in mind he was a Jew from German. The world at that time was against the Jews and the Germans as well therefore it was double trouble for him. However, with time he was able to complete his studies excellently and even joined the US army. In 1944, he was sent as a soldier to Germany during the Second World War and the most amazing thing is that he was particularly stationed at Baden, the exact place where he lived. He was really proud to go back to Germany, the same country that demeaned his potential and discriminated against him. He loved the fact that he was now fighting against the same regime that made life unbearable for him.[bookmark: _GoBack] In conclusion, from all the above illustrations and descriptions about the brutal German rule and the concept of the holocaust, it is indeed correct to say it should was uncalled for and did not bear any good product. It was indeed uncalled for and was a waste of resources among other things. From, the survivors themselves, they were never considered as worth living a respected life which was not good at all. Segregating people just to execute them should ever be tolerated. Reference Fischer, Fritz.Ð’Â  Germanys aims in the First World War. WW Norton, 1967. Keegan, John.Ð’Â  The first world war. Random House, 2014. Lower, Wendy. From Berlin to Babi Yar: The Nazi War Against the Jews, 1941-1944. (2007). Extracted from http://vhaonline.usc.edu/login.aspxFrum, David, and Richard N. Perle.Ð’Â  An end to evil: How to win the war on terror. Random House Digital, Inc., 2004.

Definition and Examples of Sermons

A sermon is a form of public discourse on a religious or moral subject, usually delivered as part of a church service by a pastor or priest, possibly taking the form of a jeremiad.  It comes from the Latin word for discourse and conversation. Examples and Observations For many centuries, from the early Middle Ages onward, sermons reached a far larger audience than any other type of non-ritualistic discourse, whether oral or written. They are entirely in the oral tradition, of course, with the sermonist as the speaker and the congregation as the hearers, and with a live relation between the two. The sermon gains in potential effect because of the hallowed nature of the occasion and the religious nature of the message. Moreover, the speaker is a figure endowed with special authority and set apart from the willing hearers who are listening.(James Thorpe, The Sense of Style: Reading English Prose. Archon, 1987)I have been rather reluctant to have a volume of sermons printed. My misgivings have grown out of the fact that a sermon is not an essay to be read but a discourse to be heard. It should be a convincing appeal to a listening congregation.(Martin Luther King, Jr. Preface to Strength to Love. Harper Row, 1963)The various means through which heare rs are gratified implies, of course, that a sermon may answer to very different needs. . . . In a sense, these motives for audience attendance correspond with the threefold aim of classical rhetoric: docere, to teach or persuade the intellect; delectare, to delight the mind; and movere, to touch the emotions.(Joris van Eijnatten, Getting the Message: Toward a Cultural History of the Sermon. Preaching, Sermon and Cultural Change in the Long Eighteenth Century, ed. by J. van Eijnatten. Brill, 2009)St. Augustine on the rhetoric of the sermon:After all, the universal task of eloquence, in whichever of these three styles, is to speak in a way that is geared to persuasion. The aim, what you intend, is to persuade by speaking. In any of these three styles, indeed, the eloquent man speaks in a way that is geared to persuasion, but if he doesn’t actually persuade, he doesn’t achieve the aim of eloquence.(St. Augustine, De Doctrina Christiana, 427, trans. by Edmund Hill)It was p erhaps inevitable that Augustines opinion would have a strong influence on the future development of rhetoric . . .. Moreover, the De doctrina provides one of the few basic statements of a Christian homiletic prior to the emergence of the highly formalized thematic or university style of sermon about the beginning of the 13th century.(James Jerome Murphy, Rhetoric in the Middle Ages: A History of Rhetorical Theory From Saint Augustine to the Renaissance. Univ. of California Press, 1974)Excerpt from the most famous American sermon:There is no want of power in God to cast wicked men into hell at any moment. Mens hands cant be strong when God rises up: the strongest have no power to resist him, nor can any deliver out of his hands.He is not only able to cast wicked men into hell, but he can most easily do it. Sometimes an earthly prince meets with a great deal of difficulty to subdue a rebel that has found means to fortify himself and has made himself strong by the number of his follow ers. But it is not so with God. There is no fortress that is any defence against the power of God. Though hand join in hand, and vast multitudes of Gods enemies combine and associate themselves, they are easily broken in pieces: they are as great heaps of light chaff before the whirlwind, or large quantities of dry stubble before devouring flames. We find it easy to tread on and crush a worm that we see crawling on the earth; so tis easy for us to cut or singe a slender thread that any thing hangs by; thus easy is it for God, when he pleases, to cast his enemies down to hell. What are we, that we should think to stand before him, at whose rebuke the earth trembles, and before whom the rocks are thrown down!(Jonathan Edwards, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, delivered at Enfield, Connecticut on July 8, 1741)

The Periodontal Disease ( Dental Plaque ) - 1236 Words

The periodontal diseases are highly prevalent and can affect up to 90% of the worldwide population. Gingivitis ,the mildest form of periodontal disease, is caused by the bacterial bioï ¬ lm (dental plaque) that accumulates on teeth adjacent to the gingiva (gums). However, gingivitis does not affect the underlying supporting structures of the teeth and is reversible. Gingivitis, the mildest form of periodontal disease ,is highly prevalent and readily reversible by simple, effective oral hygiene. Gingivitis affects 50–90% of adults worldwide, depending on its precise deï ¬ nition3. Inï ¬â€šammation that extends deep into the tissues and causes loss of supporting connective tissue and alveolar bone is known as periodontitis. Periodontitis results in the formation of soft tissue pockets or deepened crevices between the gingiva and tooth root. Severe periodontitis can result in loosening of teeth, occasional pain and discomfort, impaired mastication, and eventual tooth loss. Although prevalence estimates differ on the basis of how the disease is deï ¬ ned, the prevalence, severity, and rate of disease progression clearly varies worldwide.4,5. Periodontitis is generally more prevalent in developing countries,6 although disease may not necessarily be extensive or severe in indigenous populations 7. Classification of periodontal diseases and conditions : On October 30–November 2,Show MoreRelatedPrevention Of The Periodontal Disease1218 Words   |  5 PagesMany people are diagnosis with heart disease or suffer from a heart condition each year. Heart disease or cardiovascular disease is developed over time caused via clogged arteries, abnormal heart rhythm, birth defects, excessive smoking, and even excessive consumption of lipids. An assumption of how cardiovascular disease is developed could be associated with periodontal disease. 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This chronic infection starts around the tooth and it affects the supporting bone and gums. Periodontal disease can affect anywhere from one tooth to all thirty-two teeth. The disease pathology starts with the plaque that builds up on your teeth everyday. The plaque build up causesRead MoreCause/Effect of Dental Hygiene Essay662 Words   |  3 Pagesthat cavities can lead to even more serious dental problems? Do you know that if you arent practicing good oral hygiene, youre opening the door to dental problems that isnt easy to close? If you dont take care of your teeth,think about how much harder easy life tasks would be for you. It is not that hard to simply brush your teeth twice a day and floss them once. The effects of not having good oral hygiene are cavities, gingivitis, and periodontal disease. A cavity is the least severe effect ofRead MorePeriodontal Disease And Its Effects On The Body1511 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Periodontal disease is an exaggerated immune response to dental bacterial plaque biofilms. It is broken down into the two categories of gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis affects the gingiva and is marked by a red, swollen, inflamed appearance. Periodontitis affects the entire periodontium and is marked by clinical attachment loss. Autoimmune disorders are caused by a faulty immune system that targets the body’s own cells and attacks the host’s organs causing tissue destructionRead MoreEssay about Symptom, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment of Gingivtis1473 Words   |  6 Pagesform of periodontal disease and is when the gums are inflamed. Periodontal disease is inflammation and infection that destroys the tissues of the gums in the teeth (MedlinePlus n. pag.). Gingivitis typically precedes periodontitis but it is important to understand that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis (â€Å"Gum Disease† n. pag.). Most of the time gingivitis is from not brushing and flossing which may cause medical disorders or the use of certain drugs. Gingivitis is a common disease in whichRead MoreSymptoms, Causes, Prevention, and Treatment of Gingivtis Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesGingivitis is a type of periodontal disease and is when the gums are inflamed. The gums in the teeth destroy the tissues because of the inflammation and infection known as periodontal disease (MedlinePlus n. pag.). Gingivitis typically precedes periodontitis but it is important to understand that not all gingivitis progresses to periodontitis (â€Å"Gum Disease† n. pag.). Most of the time gingivitis is from not brushing and flossing which may lead to the use of certain drugs and source of medical disordersRead MoreThe Role Of Periodontitis As A Risk Factor For Systemic Diseases1397 Words   |  6 Pagesthis research paper, I will be writing about Periodontitis as a risk factor for Systemic Diseases. It has been known that some systemic diseases alter t he presentation and progression of periodontal disease. Evidence suggests that periodontal disease may play a role as a risk factor in developing and management of a serious systemic disease. Periodontal infections have been implicated in cardiovascular disease, preterm and low- birth weight infants, and bacterial pneumonia. In addition, it appearsRead MorePeriodontal Disease And Manual Dexterity1359 Words   |  6 PagesPeriodontal disease and manual dexterity in an aging population Periodontal disease is the fifth most common health problem in Australia (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2015). Periodontal disease is associated with large costs to the health system and reduction in the quality of life, and wealth, of Australians (AHMAC Steering Committee for National Planning for Oral Health, 2001). The greatest contributor to the development of periodontal disease is the accumulation of plaqueRead MoreChronic Periodontitis And Its Effects On The Adults And Adults Essay1809 Words   |  8 Pages(Merin, 2015) This periodontal disease of inflammatory origin is thought to be the result of host immune response against bacterial colonies in the subgingival plaque.(Merin, 2015) In many cases, systemic and environmental factors play a significant role in the disease progression. Common risk factors such as uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and smoking, contribute to periodontal destruction in genetically susceptible individuals by modifying the hostâ €™s immune reactions towards periodontal pathogens. Clinically

Learning and Demonstrating Critical Thinking Skills- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLearning and Demonstrating Critical Thinking Skills. Answer: What is critical thinking and why is it a necessity? Many scholars agree that critical thinking is a disciplined intellectual process. The process engages a student to actively and skillfully conceptualize, apply, analyze, synthesize, and evaluate the information presented (Wisdom Leavitt, 2015). This information may come from observations, reflection, reasoning, communication, experience or beliefs. Also, there are still others scholars like (Mulnix, 2012) who believe that critical thinking is metacognitive or a process of thinking about thinking. Nevertheless, all explanation leads to the same thing. Critical thinking skill has various advantages. One of them is that it enables students to act rationally in scientific, social, and practical situations (Wisdom Leavitt, 2015). Simply put, scholars who think critically solve problems efficiently. Indeed, critical thinking goes beyond just having knowledge or information on a concept. The current evolving world requires problem solvers and people who can make an informed decision. Therefore, it requires a student to have the skill to make informed decisions either in the study or at a workplace. Critical Thinking Process Critical thinking is a learning process. The skills need development, practice, and regular integration. With this, students need to focus their attentions on the content application, learning process, and assessment methods. By content application, it means that students need to distant themselves from memorizing facts within the content. Instead, they should use those facts to stimulate their thinking (Popil, 2011). Instead of memorizing the facts, students should analyze them, synthesize, and evaluate that information to make an informed decision. Critical thinking is a constant mental process. In (Railean, Elc?i Elc?i, 2017), critical thinking continuously challenges the students to think about their thinking capabilities, improve them, and use them as higher-order thinking skills. On the part of assessments, (Lai, 2011) suggests that the learning should focus on assessments that emphasize thinking rather than the facts. The grading system, the question, and tests should focus on challenging the student intellectually instead of memory recalls. Learning critical thinking should include subjective tools like academic research and case studies (Lai, 2011). The activities are avenues for analysis where students can demonstrate their knowledge in the concerned situation. Furthermore, students can focus on multiple-choice questions that challenge them to think critically. Integrating Critical Thinking Skills While students are learning and demonstrating critical thinking skills, they need to understand that it requires more than simplistic engagement. Students would need to engage themselves in the research to gain addition discovery of information (Wisdom Leavitt, 2015). Besides, they also need to use academic sources and employ heuristic techniques in solving problems. For this reason, studies like (Wisdom Leavitt, 2015) studies have revealed that students who engage in experimental learning score higher on assessments when compared with students who learn by traditional textbook or lecture methods. Heuristic learning techniques help students to learn, understand, discover, or solve problems on their own. This process happens through experimenting and evaluating possible solutions, in addition to trial and error practices. In (Haynes, Lisic, Goltz, Stein Harris, 2016), the study found that problem-based learning projects promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills. In essence, the study also revealed that active participation within learning processes like self-direction, teamwork, creative discussion, and integration of a variety of knowledge helps students to learn or demonstrate critical thinking skills. In (Haynes, Lisic, Goltz, Stein Harris, 2016), the study revealed that problem-based learning environments increase students knowledge acquisition and thinking skills. Similarly, the findings confirmed that work based learning, research and critical reflection on academic sources promote the integration of critical thinking skills. Methods of Promoting Critical Thinking Skills There are various methods that higher education students can employ to learn and demonstrate critical thinking skills. One of this is through answering questions from different questioning tactics. In (Davis, 2013), questions using different question approach can enrich the students' critical thoughts. Depending on questions formation, students may demonstrate various critical thinking skills to interpret, analyze, and recognize the hypotheses to come up with a logical conclusion. Classroom discussion is another method that students may use to promote their critical thinking. Various techniques are available for discussion. For instance, a negotiation model where students engage in credible but antagonizing arguments (Haynes, Lisic, Goltz, Stein Harris, 2016). Other strategies are like discussing an issue with pros and cons. Additionally, writing and research can work as a powerful vehicle that students can use to expand their thinking methods. Students who involve themselves in writing and research acquire astounding results. Research writing as a process and product, it uniquely brings certain powerful learning strategies. Elements of a Critical Thinking Activity Above all, all the methods that students may use to learn or demonstrate their thinking should reveal the following elements. For one, there should be an ill-structured problem (Lai, 2011). These are problems that with questions, scenarios or case studies that do not have a wrong or a right answer. They may also include controversial issues that need a reflective judgment. Notably, any right or wrong responses exist only where the student gives a supporting logical reasoning. The next element that students should demonstrate in a critical thinking activity is a criterion to assess their thinking (Hsiao, Chen Hu, 2013). Thinking assessment demands a framework showing why students think the way they are thinking. For example, one can answer questions like, why do you think, why do you like, explain your thoughts, what is your perspective e.tc. All these are best questions for demonstrating one's critical thinking skills. Finally, the activity should have room for the improvement of thinking. Students will achieve this by creating a culture of inquiry. This is where students think about their thinking activity and also reflect on the practice logical constructs of their thoughts. This one allows the student to reconsider and revise their learned or demonstrated thinking skills. Conclusion This paper intended to examine how critical thinking skills can be learned and demonstrated by higher education students. The goal for every student is to acquire critical thinking skills. It is through learning activities where students can learn and demonstrate their critical thinking abilities. However, like with any skill, even critical thinking requires practice, patience, and learning. This effort is not a one-day task, it takes some time, but the effort is rewarding. Students who think critically have an easier time solving real-world problems than those who don't. Finally, it is material that critical thinking skills be encouraged and reinforced in higher education and all levels of education. This effort will be a good way to plant the seed of critical thinking to all students in the hope that the skills will grow over time. References Davis, J. (2013). Improving Students Critical Thinking and Classroom Engagement by Playing the Devils Advocate. An Online, Openaccess Peer-Reviewed Education Journal Of The Graduate Centre, CUNY. Retrieved from https://traue.commons.gc.cuny.edu/issue-2-fall-2013/davis/ Haynes, A., Lisic, E., Goltz, M., Stein, B., Harris, K. (2016). Moving Beyond Assessment to Improving Students Critical Thinking Skills: A Model for Implementing Change. Journal Of The Scholarship Of Teaching And Learning, 16(4), 44. https://dx.doi.org/10.14434/josotl.v16i4.19407 Hsiao, W., Chen, M., Hu, H. (2013). Assessing Online Discussions: Adoption of Critical Thinking as a Grading Criterion. International Journal Of Technology, Knowledge Society, 9(3), p15-25. Retrieved from https://web.b.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=trueprofile=ehostscope=siteauthtype=crawlerjrnl=18323669AN=95552731h=yu7k1QTJ%2b3YqrzJDUbIv7SOis81%2fTeVmIp77FYO0ZjJgGuzDTJOuD%2bIQPd6GG5BclfpMYOrqje74G8DE3dpSdA%3d%3dcrl=fresultNs=AdminWebAuthresultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuthcrlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d18323669%26AN%3d95552731 Lai, E. (2011). Critical Thinking: A Literature Review. Research Report. Retrieved from https://images.pearsonassessments.com/images/tmrs/Collaboration-Review.pdf MULNIX, J. (2012). Thinking Critically about Critical Thinking. Educational Philosophy And Theory, 44(5), 464-479. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00673.x Popil, I. (2011). Promotion of critical thinking by using case studies as teaching method. Nurse Education Today, 31(2), 204-207. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2010.06.002 Railean, E., Elc?i, A., Elc?i, A. (2017). Metacognition and Successful Learning Strategies in Higher Education (p. 42). [S.l.]: Information Science Reference. ?enda?, S., Ferhan Odaba, H. (2009). Effects of an online problem based learning course on content knowledge acquisition and critical thinking skills. Computers Education, 53(1), 132-141. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2009.01.008 Wisdom, S., Leavitt, L. (2015). Handbook of research on advancing critical thinking in higher education (p. 371). IGI Global.

Reflection Analysis Observations

Introduction Group dynamic is essential in determining its course. Our group was characterized with trust, care, and fairness. In fact, no one cared to note each other’s background. We accepted one another as equals within the group. This was essential in enabling us to achieve group cohesion. Moreover, it aided us in performing group activities without hindrance. This paper will reflect on leadership, group theory, and group skills (D.W. Johnson P.J. Johnson, 2013, p. 27).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection Analysis Observations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theme, dynamic or pattern noticed Our members were democratic, trustworthy, and caring. These important elements were achieved early in the group meetings through sharing of roles within the group (Johnson, D.W., Johnson, 2013, p.121). In fact, even though one of us had more experience with aircraft than the rest, she never showed it in a manner to suggest intimidation. We considered ourselves equal and in each turn, a new DA was selected to moderate our group tasks. The group was therefore democratic and showed a pattern of trust and leadership (D.W. Johnson P.J. Johnson, 2013, p. 122). Provisional explanation/hypothesis The group did not have age and careers issues. In fact, as said earlier, only one person was knowledgeable on aircraft issues. We therefore depended heavily on her solutions for a single session only. Moreover, the attitude in the group did not allow us to consider aspects like age and careers as issues of concern. Instead, we treated each other equally. In essence, everyone had equal opportunities to be the DA. Evidence The fact that everyone got equal chances of becoming a DA as well as in contributing to the solution of issues in the group did not allow us to classify ourselves in any category, class, or age. In fact, as said earlier, only one individual had experience in aircraft related task. This was only helpful in the second discussion. However, she still ensured that our discussions were taken into consideration after an excerpt from her experience. Analysis of theme, dynamic or pattern The dynamic, pattern or theme of our group revealed both formal and informal authority. However, this depended on the kind of role given to each individual after a democratic selection. For instance, the Designated Authority (DA) moderated group activities. This afforded him/her formal authority over us during group proceedings. However, other tasks like note taking, observers, among others toke informal authority as they took keen interest on contributions from each individual.  However, it is necessary to not that the first meeting was quite cautious and everyone, including myself, was quite hesitant to take formal authority. Fortunately, one of the group members volunteered and we never looked back (D.W. Johnson P.J. Johnson, 2013, p. 122).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discomforting evidence that exists The group did not have any issues. In fact, only the first meeting was characterized with high tensions. However, this was because we had not met as a group before. Moreover, we did not know what was required of us in the group. In addition, we were hesitant to give contributions. However, this did not affect us anymore after the first meeting. In fact, we gelled quite easily and we were able to agree to most solutions in our discussions. Conclusion Our group was characterized with leadership, trust, and care. In fact, everyone was involved in-group discussions. Except for the first meeting, everyone was happy to contribute to the discussions. Moreover, we gelled quite easily since cohesion was achieved quickly within the group. In addition, we trusted each other quite easily and decided on issues through democratic ways. However, we also gave the minorit y and opportunity to explain reasons for their choices. Group dynamic was therefore achieved with leadership skills observable in each individual (D.W. Johnson P.J. Johnson, 2013, p. 122). Reference Johnson, D.W., Johnson, P.J. (2013). Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. This essay on Reflection Analysis Observations was written and submitted by user Benson L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Participative Management Essays

Participative Management Essays Participative Management Paper Participative Management Paper 1. Introduction to Participative Management: Participative Management refers to as an open form of management where employees are actively involved in the organization’s decision making process. Participative Management can also be termed as ‘Industrial Democracy’, ‘Co-determination’, ‘Employee Involvement’ as well as ‘Participative Decision Making’. The concept is applied by the managers who understand the importance to human intellect and seek a strong relationship with their employees. They understand that the employees are the facilitators who deal directly with the customers and satisfy their needs. Involvement of employees and other stakeholders who will be influenced by management decisions in helping to make those decisions. Participative management can increase employee commitment to an organizations goals at the same time it offers fresh insights into how the organization can become more effective. The idea behind employee involvement at every stage of decision making is absolutely straight. Open and honest communication always produces good results both for organization as well as workers. Freedom and transparency in company’s operations take it to the next level and strengthens the basis of the organization. On the other hand, there are several companies that straightway rule out the possibility of participative decision making process. According to them, employees misuse their freedom of expression and participation in decision making as it provides higher status to employees and empowers them. However, there are many companies who have embraced this particular style of management and are now getting positive results. Toyota is the best example. The company has been following suggestion schemes and employee involvement procedures for over a decade now. The management receives almost 2,000,000 suggestions and ideas every year and around 95 percent of these are implemented by the company. Who is not aware of Toyota’s success rate? Around five thousand improvements per year have made Toyota one of the fastest growing organizations globally. The need is to develop and implement a comprehensive company policy and everything works well. Employee participation at each level of decision making process is not at all harmful if managed efficiently. The whole process can be well coordinated and controlled by the sincere and honest efforts of human resource managers. 2. Concepts of Participative Management: The traditional logic of organizing is to give simple work to employees at the bottom of the pyramid who then report through a supervisor up a hierarchical chain of command to senior executives who provide direction, coordination, and control. This does not work well for organizations managing knowledge intensive tasks. As the number and visibility of high knowledge-based organizations increases, the need for a â€Å"new logic† of management has gained currency among both academics and managers (Lawler 1996; Beer et al. 1990; Case 1998). Lawler (1996:22) summarizes some of the principles of this new logic, as shown in Table 1 Old Logic Principle| New Logic Principle| Organization is a secondary source of competitive advantage|  ¦ Organization can be the ultimate competitive advantage|  ¦ Bureaucracy is the most effective source of control|  ¦ Involvement is the most effective source of control|  ¦ Top management and technical experts should add most of the value|  ¦ All employees must add significant value|  ¦ Hierarchical processes are the key to organizational effectiveness|  ¦ Lateral processes are the key to organizational effectiveness|  ¦ Organizations should be designed around functions|  ¦ Organizations should be designed around products and customers|  ¦ Effective managers are the key to organizational effectiveness|  ¦ Effective leadership is the key to organizational effectiveness| There are five different perspectives and rationale for workers participation in organizations: A) The Managerial Approach: which is inspired by productivity and efficiency goals (participation is organized at a lower level in order to relieve worker dissatisfaction and morale problems). This approach reflects the emerging viewpoint that organizational design and management effectiveness can provide a significant competitive advantage. It gives considerable attention to issues of organizational design and organizational change, on the basis that entirely new work structures and ways of organizing work can lead to substantial gains in effectiveness (Lawler et al. 2001). A key issue in this approach is the extent to which management delegates or retains the power to initiate, frame, an d terminate participative processes. It also reflects management’s view that the direct participation of workers undermines union power. B) The Humanist Psychology Approach: which is inspired by human growth and development goals, (participation as a way to enhance the well-being of the individual by promoting individual creativity, self-esteem, and ego strength). This approach reflects a much more positive view of human nature and emphasizes the need to retrain managers to develop their participative leadership skills and unlearn authoritarian behaviors. C) The Industrial Relations Approach: which is inspired by democratic goals (participation is not only a means to an end in itself but also a way to create a strongly democratic society, characterized by active participative citizens). This approach reflects the importance of the external environment to the organization (not highly recognized in bureaucratic, hierarchical organization design, but more widely recognized in organic, open-system designs). Participation in the workplace is seen as contributing to an effective and just society. D) The Political Approach: which is inspired by revolutionary goals (participation as a means to change the overall structure of ownership to a collective base and to educate workers to class consciousness). E) The Psycho-Sociological or Anthropological Approach: which is inspired by synthetic, multidimensional goals (participation as a way of acculturation, of pushing workers to internalize the economic norms of the organization) and emphasizes the fundamental aspects of human nature and how to get the best out of workers. It emphasizes the fundamental social interactions in the workplace and the role of participation in addressing issues of resistance, motivation, and engagement. 3. Scope of Participative Management The scope of participative style of management certainly depends on the organization, its nature, functions and processes. Though associating employees at every stage of decision-making is not possible still regular exchange of information, ideas, consultations, thoughts, decisions and negotiations between employer and the employees definitely is a boon to the organization The scope of workers’ involvement in managerial decision-making may extend to social, economic and personnel decision making depending upon the requirements of the organization. But there is a difference of opinion about the extent to which employees can participate in managerial decision-making process. Should they be equal partners and make joint decisions or should workers be given opportunities through their seniors to come up with the ideas. The first school of thoughts favors the actual participation of workers while the second school of thoughts suggests the consultation of workers in managerial decision making. It is up to the management to decide which style it prefers and till what extent it requires involvement of employees. However, if we talk about the scope of workers’ participation in social, economic and personnel decision-making, it may have a direct impact on some of the most crucial activities of the organization. Employees can participate in the following decision making areas: * Social Decision-Making: It refers to employee involvement in decision making regarding hours of work, rules and regulations at workplace, welfare measures, workers’ safety, employee welfare and health. In this category, employees have a say in decisions in these areas. They may take an advantage of their liberty and sometimes, can dominate the management. * Economic/Financial Decision-Making: It includes involvement of employees on various financial or economic aspects such as the methods of manufacturing, cost cutting, automation, shut-down, mergers and acquisition and lay-offs. Inviting ideas from employees on various issues like how to cut down the operating cost can work wonders. * Personnel Decision-Making: The employees’ participation in personnel decision-making refers to their involvement in various management processes including recruitment and selection, work distribution, promotions, demotions and transfers, grievance handling, settlements, voluntary retirement schemes and so on. Participation of employees in these processes can safeguard their interests and motivate them to work hard for the betterment of self as well as the organization. Employee participation in decision-making process although is beneficial. However, there may be some limits on it to ensure that they do not take advantage of their liberty and right of participation. There are several ways through which employees can participate in the whole process. Some of them are financial participation, participation through collective bargaining, participation at the board level, participation through ownership, participation through work councils and committees and participation through suggestion schemes. Anyone of these ways or processes can be adopted by the management to ensure participation from workers. 4. Objectives of Participative Management: Participative management acts as a force to motivate employees to meet specific organizational goals. The main idea behind this style of management is not only using physical capital but also making optimum utilization of intellectual and emotional human capital. This is the process of involving people in decision making process to ensure that everyone’s psychological needs are met. It, in turn, increases the job satisfaction among employees and improves the quality of their work life. There are few main objectives to introduce participative style of management: * To Make Best Use of Human Capital: Participative management does not restrict organizations to exploit only physical capital of employees. Rather it makes the best use of human intellectual and emotional capital. It gives employees an opportunity to contribute their ideas and suggestions to improve business processes and create a better working environment. * To Meet the Psychological Needs of Employees: When employees have a say in decision making process, it gives them a psychological satisfaction. It is a simple force that drives them to improve their performance, create a proper channel of communication and find practical solutions to design better organizational processes. * To Retain the Best Talent: Participatory management is one of the most effective strategies to retain the best talent in the industry. It gives employees a sense of pride to have a say in organizational decision making process. Once they are valued by their seniors, they stick to the organization and become management’s partners in meeting specific goals and achieving success. * To Increase Industrial Productivity: In today’s competitive world, motivation, job security and high pay packages are not enough to increase industrial productivity. Leadership, flexibility, delegation of authority, industrial democracy and employee say in decision making are important to increase annual turnover of any organization. * To Maintain a Proper Flow of Communication: Two-way communication plays an important role in the success of any organization. Employee participation in decision making ensures proper flow of communication in the organization. Everyone contributes their best and tries to strengthen the organization by contributing their best to improve business processes. Participative management is beneficial to organization as well as employees. It gives employees a higher degree of enjoyment at work place that drives them to work harder. It is equally rewarding for the management as it ensures tremendous improvement in work culture within the organization as well as increase in its productivity. 5. Features of Participative Management: Employees have always been bossed around their managers and told what they are supposed to do. They never had the authority to decide things in the company. Gradually, times are changing and employees are encouraged to participate in organization’s decision making process. Management motivates them to come up with ideas and suggestions that can make organizational processes far more efficient. The main idea behind adopting participatory form of management is to work together, achieve targeted goals in minimum possible time and stay ahead of competition. Some of the features of participative management are given below: * Ethical Dimensions: Participatory management has ethical dimensions and based on morals, principles and values. In this form of management, everyone is treated equally when it comes to organizational decision making. It is based on employee empowerment, responsibility sharing and delegation of authority. Proper Channel of Communication: Participative form of management encourages two-way communication. It is not only management that decides what employees need to do but it also encourages employees to participate in decision making and give ideas and suggestions to make organizational processes better and more efficient. They are allowe d to share their problems, views, ideas and feedback with their managers. * Empowers Employees: Participative style of management gives employees a chance to participate in management processes. They are encouraged to come up with their views. This provides a higher status to employees as they also have a say in decision making. Recognition of Human Dignity: In this form of management, all employees are treated equally irrespective of their designations when it comes to giving ideas and suggestions for organizational decision making process. Employees are no more the servants of managers but are the most important assets of an organization. * Psychological Satisfaction to Employees: Most of our lives are spent at workplace. It is important for everyone to have psychological satisfaction as far as our employment is concerned. Commitment from the organization, respecting the dignity of individuals and co-determining the company policies are some of the features of participative manage ment that provide psychological satisfaction to employees. Participative Management is a universally recognized concept but still most organizations hesitate to adopt it. Through this style of management, both the parties, employer and employees, are satisfied. It brings management and employees closer and thus, should be adopted open heartedly. 6. Pre-requisites of Participative Management: Participative management can best be described as a style of decision making that ensures that involvement of stakeholders at all levels. This operates at three levels, Problem analysis, strategy formulation and final implementation of the solution. There are certain prerequisites to be met before participative management can be put to work. Participative management requires following pre-requisites: Willingness from the managers to give up some charge to the workers: Managers must share some level of their authority with the workers and they must in turn be in a position such that the successful participation of all is ensured. It cannot be successful i n any organization unless is carefully planned, timed and well thought upon. * Change in the employee’s idea: The change must come in the organization culture and certain other style of decision making to participative style. * Attitude of the top and middle management: Top management needs to approach employee involvement with a receptive and open mindset. This encourages participation. They must be open to new ideas and innovations. Since decision making is based on inputs of one and all, therefore its success also depends on the degree of participation of employees. In certain organizations despite obvious proofs, the employees decide not to participate or make contribution. In yet another organizations the employees are not skilled enough to make meaningful contributions to the final decision making process. This can be overcome by imparting the right kind of training and by the manager himself by ascertaining the individual strengths of his team members and asking for relevant contributions based upon the same. 7. Preparation for Participative Management: Participative management in itself does not ensure success and should not be seen as tool to create magic within no time. There is certain ground preparation required before an organization can decide for implementation of the management style. The following things need to be taken care of: * Clearly defined objectives: Each party mainly the management and the employees must have clearly defined objectives. Operationally there should be no clash between the objectives of the two. * Clear Communication: There should be clear and timely communication between the management and the workers or the employees. This helps in building trust between the two parties. Workers also gain a sense of responsibility increasing their stake in their work and in the organization as a whole. * Choosing the Representative: It is important for the workers to choose their representative from among themselves and not any person from outside the labor union. This is important for two reasons. First, the person is able to better understand the problems of his colleagues and report the same to the management. Second, the management is keener to talk and listen from a person who works within the organization. * Training the Workers: Training and awareness regarding the usefulness of participative management is required to make it more effective. Further training is required to ensure that every person at every level knows his what contribution he/she has to make. * Confidence: Both parties workers and the management need a trust to develop between the two. Participation should not be perceived as intimidation to the position of any. If workers think that their status will be adversely affected, they refuse to participate. Similarly, if managers suspect that they will lose their authority, they will decline to participate. * Increasing Workers Participation: Workers participation needs to be increased at each level in order to encourage them to contribute meaningfully. Further, their suggestions and recommendations need to be treated with dignity and respect. Nothing can be more motivating than seeing your recommendation being put to practice. * Ensuring ROI: Participation should not be at the cost of the values of the organization. It has to be carefully planned; employees should devote a certain time for participation and the rest upon their own specific area of work. Participative management may be a solution for each and every type of organization. It is a big challenge in big organizations with big employee size. The implementation needs to be carefully planned and implemented gradually. 8. Importance of Participation: The greatest and widely accepted benefit of participation is the increased work ownership of employee. An employee is better able to relate himself/herself with his or her work and this improves performance and efficiency at work. Concepts by John Newstrom and Keith Davis worked extensively upon the subject. They identified three variables that lead to increased performance. These variables are a part of participative management. According to them, the three variables that collectively enhance performance are: * Removing conditions of Powerlessness: This implies empowering the employees to take decisions on their own, be enterprising and take more risks. This requires a wholesome change in the entire organizational structure and culture. Then leadership becomes a crucial aspect. The choice of a leader who can inspire, motivate and delegate with equal efficacy assumes importance. The reward system needs a revamp. Psychologically empowerment connotes increased responsibilities in the mind of an employee, a hike is required. Finally, participation should result in either job enrichment or job enlargement. Job enlargement means expanding the job responsibilities adding task elements horizontally. Job enrichment on the other hand means that the job becomes more rewarding monetarily and otherwise. * Enhance Job Related Self Efficacy: Increase in responsibilities also demands increased efficiency at work. This is achieved by providing training helping an employee achieve job mastery. Laying down benchmarks for a certain set of responsibilities by the use of role models (those who have already accomplished tasks in similar capacities under similar workload) also benefits. * Perception of Empowerment: Employees often misunderstand the idea of participation. There may be a certain group of employees who participate aggressively and in the process their own work gets affected. These perceptions need to be taken care of otherwise they may be well the undoing of all the good work. Empowerment means more competence and value addition to work. It means that individual accepts the responsibilities with humility and fulfills them with grace and efficacy. It calls for increased use of talent. It is in wake of this that the concept of talent management is fast evolving. 9. Benefits of Participative Management: There are few benefits that have been associated with participative management and these are follows: * Innovation and increased efficiency: The problem solving process and openness to new ideas can result in innovation. Apart from this as mentioned above there is also knowledge sharing amongst the workers and the managers. This means that those who are part of a certain process at the ground level give inputs for improved efficiency of the same. This has dual implications, helping improve the quality of product and curtailing the cost of manufacture. Timeliness: There is improved communication between the managers and the workers and between workers across different units. A loophole or flaw is reported in time. * Employee satisfaction and Motivation: Empowering the employees increases their ownership or stake in their work. This increases efficiency and productivit y. Consequently there is decreased absenteeism and less employee turnover. This also works in attracting more people towards the organization and the job. * Product quality: A say in decision making means that workers can immediately pin point and suggest remedial measures for improving the efficiency of the process they are a part of. This means that quality control in product or service is exercised for the lowest level. Less supervision required: There is greater focus on management of self with due emphasis of widening one’s skill set. One of the major benefits of this is that there is a lesser need of supervision and support staff. * Better grievance handling: Increased communication paves way for reduced number of grievances and quick and effective resolution of dispute (often on the spot). * Flexibility: Flexibility is increased as a result of cross training. Increased coordination among team members also offers a comfort zone for the newly hired. Participative managem ent thus results in overall increase of the ownership of work of an employee. This empowerment can lead to increased efficiency, better productivity, improved morale and job satisfaction. But the fact the participative management requires an overall change in the organizational culture, the implementation of the same, especially when there is a bureaucratic style of decision making in place, can be a major challenge. 10. Limitations of Participative Management: Participative management is undoubtedly one of the better approaches to management. But like any other style of decision making there are certain limitations. These limitations arise either externally or internally. The following are certain limitations of participative management: * The employee’s right of not participating: An employee has the right to not participate. Certain people do not believe in the usefulness of participation and therefore opt out of the same. Some labor unions for example question the usefulness of participation reasoning that participation offers the management deep insights into the workers and they may then use it against the latter. * Manipulation: Managers may sometimes use participation to manipulate employees. This may be both conscious and subconscious. Similarly, representatives of the labor unions may also exploit the workers in the name of participation. * Workers Psychology: An existent psyche amongst the employees, that they are the workers and their primary purpose is to serve their masters (management) prevents them from participating. It is therefore of little interest to such people. General Bias: Resistance to change inside the organization as mentioned earlier is the biggest hurdle to participative management. Managers decline to share power or to delegate apprehending that they may lose authority by doing so. Workers similarly show disinterest in the participation presuming everything to be well in ord er. * Trade Unions: Trade unions are integral to the success of participative management; they may be equally detrimental to the success of the same. Most of the trade unions engage in politics and are little bothered about participation. Add to it, the approach of representatives or individuals is also not very favorable. Workers join trade unions for personal rather than organizational reasons. 11. Ways of participation of employees in decision making: Participation of workers in decision-making process has resulted in successful value creation in many organizations. Though the extent to which employees should participate in organizational decision making is still a matter of debate. Some say that workers’ union should participate with management as equal partners while some believe in restricted or bounded participation, that is, participation of employees or workers to a limited extent. However, there are a number of ways through which employees can participate in decision-making process of any organization. Participation at the Board Level: Representation of employees at the board level is known as industrial democracy. This can play an important role in protecting the interests of employees. The representative can put all the problems and issues of the employees in front of management and guide the board members to invest in employee benefit schemes. * Participation through Ownership: The other way of ensuring workers’ participation in organizational decision making is making them shareholders of the company. Inducing them to buy equity shares, advancing loans, giving financial assistance to enable them to buy equity shares are some of the ways to keep them involved in decision-making. Participation through Collective Bargaining: This refers to the participation of workers through collective agreements and by deciding and following certain rules and regulations. This is considered as an ideal way to ensure employee participation in managerial processes. * Participation through Suggestion Schemes: Encouraging your employees to come up with unique ideas can work wonders especially on matters such as cost cutting, waste management, safety measures, reward system, etc. Developing a full-fledged procedure can add value to the organizational functions and create a h ealthy environment and work culture. * Participation through Complete Control: This is called the system of self management where workers union acts as management. Through elected boards, they acquire full control of the management. In this style, workers directly deal with all aspects of management or industrial issues through their representatives. * Participation through Job Enrichment: Expanding the job content and adding additional motivators and rewards to the existing job profile is a fine way to keep workers involved in managerial decision-making. Job enrichment offers freedom to employees to exploit their wisdom and use their judgment while handling day-to-day business problems. * Participation through Quality Circles: A quality circle is a group of five to ten people who are experts in a particular work area. They meet regularly to identify, analyze and solve the problems arising in their area of operation. Anyone, from the organization, who is an expert of that articular field, can become its member. It is an ideal way to identify the problem areas and work upon them to improve working conditions of the organization. Employees can participate in organizational decision making through various processes mentioned above. However, there are other ways such as financial participation, Total Quality Management, participation through empowered teams and joint committees and councils through which they can contribute their share in making the organizations a better place to work. 12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Participative Management: There exist both advantages of and disadvantages of participative management. 12. 1 Advantages: Increase in Productivity: An increased say in decision making means that there is a strong feeling of association now. The employee now assumes responsibility and takes charges. There is lesser new or delegation or supervision from the manager. Working hours may get stretched on their own without any compulsion or force from the management. All this leads to increased productivity. * Job Satisfaction: In lots or organizations that employ participative management, most of the employees are satisfied with their jobs and the level of satisfaction id very high . This is especially when people see their suggestions and recommendations being implemented or put to practice. Psychologically, this tells the individual employee that, ‘he too has a say in decision making and that he too is an integral component of the organization and not a mere worker’. * Motivation: Increased productivity and job satisfaction cannot exist unless there is a high level of motivation in the employee. The vice versa also holds true! Decentralized decision making means that everyone has a say and everyone is important. * Improved Quality: Since the inputs or feedback comes from people who are part of the processes at the lowest or execution level. This means that even the minutest details are taken care of and reported. No flaw or loophole goes unreported. Quality control is thus begins and is ensured at the lowest level. Reduced Costs: There is a lesser need of supervision and more emphasis is laid on widening of skills, self management. This and quality control means that the costs are controlled automatically. 12. 2 Disadvantages: * Costs: Participative managem ent increases cost. If workers are to take important management roles, then they must be trained on many complex issues. Many workers may feel dissatisfied, since the promises of democratic management are often not connected to results; hours are longer, debates can get fierce, and the workplace can become divided. * Time: If the very long workday is to be avoided, then council meetings would have to take place during work time. This means lost labor hours, lost productivity and endless distraction. Many managers would not want to constantly referee debates over firm issues when the council members are debating. * Union Objections: Independent labor union representatives are concerned that organizations will use employee participation or involvement programs to deter employees from using the independent union representation. The law should continue to prohibit companies from setting up company dominated labor organizations. * Decision making slows down: Participative management stands for increased participation and when there are many people involved in decision making, the process definitely slows down. Inputs and feedback start pouring from each side. It takes time to verify the accuracy of measurements which means that decision making will be slowed down. * Security Issue: The security issue in participative management also arises from the fact that since early stages too many people have been known to lots of facts and information. This information may transform into critical information in the later stages. There is thus a greater apprehension of information being leaked out. 13. Conclusion: Participative management is an effective decision making tool. It is often the managers who implement it the wrong way. Participative management calls for a change and this change can not come overnight. You require patience and consistency before employees realize the usefulness of the management style. Participative Management is a universally recognized concept but still most organizations hesitate to adopt it. Through this style of management, both the parties, employer and employees, are satisfied. It brings management and employees closer and thus, should be adopted open heartedly. There are other problems that often arise with the managers. The problems may arise because of the following: Managers often view it as the ends and not as a tool. There is confusion if whether participative management means democratization. Managers sometimes manipulate the process for their own advantage. Finally it can be said that there are positives and negatives of participative management, but the company should allow some kind of participation from its employees in the decision making process. References: 1) http://business. yourdictionary. com/participative-management 2) academia. edu/467403/Why_should_Employees_participate_in_management_decisions_The_advantages_of_participative_management 3) ehow. com/info_8526128_disadvantages-participative-management. html 4) Lawler III. , Edward E. 1996. From the Ground Up: Six Principles for Building the New Logic Corporation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Publishers. P. 22. 5) managementstudyguide. com/participative-management. htm

Effects of different corticosteroids on the immune system Research Paper

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Expectations are highly placed on social workers displaying dignity and worth and understanding the value of human relationship. One of the main purposes of social work is providing service. Regardless of what the action may be one will still be providing some kind of service There are negative aspects that could result in a social worker not being effective. Without respecting clients, being aware of personal biases, and setting realistic goals social workers. Such actions may have sanctions as results of these actions. The first definition of sanction as it applies to social work is the approval to perform certain tasks that are outlined by the social work profession. The second definition of sanctions is intended to impose negative consequences on the social worker who fails to comply with recommended corrective actions or who has committed serious violations of the NASW Code of Ethics (National Association of Social Workers, 2005). 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Individuals can be sanction with notification to credentialing bodies, societies, and specialized practice groups in which the individual may hold membership, of adjudication findings, conclusions, and sanctions impose d. Lastly, sanctions can occur with a Letter of censure, notification to Respondent’s malpractice insurer of findings and conclusions and notification to the Disciplinary Action  Reporting System (administered by the Association of Social Work Boards) of findings and conclusions (National Association of Social Workers, 2005). References National Association of Social Workers, (2008). Academy of Certified Social Workers New Applicants Only. Retrieved August 28, 2008, Web site: http://www.socialworkers.org/credentials/credentials/acsw.asp National Association of Social Workers, (2005).NASW procedures for professional review. Sheafor, B, Horejsi, C (2006). Techniques and Guidelines for Social Work Practice.Boston: Pearson Education Inc. National Association of Social Workers, (2008). Evidence-Based Practice. Retrieved September 1, 2008, Web site: http://www.socialworkers.org/research/nasw/Research/0108EvidenceBasedPractice/default.asp